![]() Needle-free ballistic particle injection is a relatively new drug and vaccine delivery technique that accelerates drug particles to a sufficient momentum using high-velocity gas jets to enable their penetration into epidermal and subepidermal layers of the skin ( Burkoth et al. The good physical stability of the polydisperse particles made them suitable for ballistic injection into tissue-mimicking agar hydrogels, showing a mean penetration depth of 251.3 ± 114.7 µm. ![]() In accordance with the SEC data, FTIR analysis showed only a small increase in the intermolecular β-sheet of 0.4 per cent after SFD. Insulin showed a good stability during the particle formation process with a maximum decrease in insulin monomer of only 0.123 per cent after SFD. With increasing insulin loading, the d ( v, 0.5) of the SFD powders increased and particle size distributions got wider. Particles showed a collapsed and wrinkled morphology owing to viscous flow of the freeze concentrate. Densification of the particles could be achieved during primary drying if the product temperature ( T prod) exceeded the glass transition temperature of the freeze concentrate ( T g′) of −29.4☌ for TMDD (3∶3∶3∶1) formulations. Insulin stability was assessed using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), reverse phase chromatography and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Particles were examined by laser light diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and tap density testing. However, if a narrow size distribution with a good correlation between theoretical and measurable insulin content was desired, no more than 150 mg nano-insulin could be suspended per gram of matrix formulation. Liquid atomization was possible up to a maximum of 250 mg of nano-insulin suspended in a 1.0 g matrix. With the increase in insulin content, the viscosity of the nanosuspensions increased. Insulin nanoparticles were produced by SFD from solutions with a low solid content (300 mg ml −1) consisting of trehalose, mannitol, dextran (10 kDa) and dextran (150 kDa) (abbreviated to TMDD) in order to maximize particle robustness and density after SFD. Atomization using ultrasound atomizers showed improved handling of small liquid quantities as well as narrower droplet size distributions over conventional two-fluid nozzle atomization. ![]() The aim was to manufacture dense, robust particles with a diameter of around 50 µm, a narrow size distribution and a high content of insulin. You'll find the three built-in particle systems in the Effects window.The feasibility of preparing microparticles with high insulin loading suitable for needle-free ballistic drug delivery by spray-freeze-drying (SFD) was examined in this study. Let's look at some of the particle systems that are available within After Effects. It may sound complicated at first, but it's actually quite straightforward. You then set the number of particles (also known as the sprites on the screen), how large they are, how quickly they are generated, how fast they fall or rise (depending on your physics settings), and how long they remain onscreen before dying. With a particle system, you create a particle Emitter a point on the screen at which the particles will be generated. The overall image is of a gigantic, moving body of water, but if we break it down, that illusion of a moving shape of water actually consists of billions of individual particles. To simplify this concept, imagine you are watching a waterfall crashing onto the ground in front of you. Particle systems allow us to simulate physics-based effects and phenomena by using a collection of much smaller objects or sprites, which make up a larger whole image. Without further ado, let's jump in! What Is a Particle System?
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